consciousness : A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind : Blackwell Reference Online
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چکیده
T. H. Huxley (1866) said ‘How it is that anything so remarkable as a state of consciousness comes about as a result of irritating nervous tissue, is just as unaccountable as the appearance of Djin when Aladdin rubbed his lamp.’ This is the famous ‘explanatory gap’. We have no conception of our physical or functional nature that allows us to understand how it could explain our subjective experience. This fact (in a form expressed by Nagel, 1974; the term ‘explanatory gap’ comes from Levine, 1983) has dominated the last 20 years of discussion of consciousness. Francis Crick and Christoff Koch (1990) have famously hypothesized that the neural basis of consciousness is to be found in certain phase-locked 40 Hz neural oscillations. But how does a 40 Hz neural oscillation explain what it's like (in Nagel's memorable phrase) to be us? What is so special about a 40 Hz oscillation as opposed to some other physical state? And why couldn't there be creatures with brains just like ours in their physical and functional properties, including their 40 Hz oscillation patterns, whose owners’ experiences were very unlike ours, or who had no subjective experiences at all? One doesn't have to suppose that there really could be creatures with brains just like ours who have different experiences or no experiences to demand an account of why not? But no one has a clue about how to answer these questions. This is the heart of the mind-body problem.
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تاریخ انتشار 2016